Cause and Consequences of urbanization in Scotland Essay

This essay will explore relevant cause and consequences of urbanisation in Scotland from 1700-1860. A dictionary-defined term would be â€Å"the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban.†(1. 30/08/2005). Scotland went through huge political and economical changes from the 1700’s onwards. The country went from being a rural, agricultural society with an estimated population of 1.2 million in 1755, to being urbanised, with the population rising to over 2.6 million in 1841(Lenman, p281, 2001). This figure is what makes the urbanisation of Scotland so interesting. What were the main factors that caused the population to grow so rapidly? The expansion of population over such a short period and the social changes that occurred with this. The great Agrarian and Industrial revolutions had a major part’s to play in the urbanisation of Scotland and this essay will show some enlightenment on why it was so profoundly noticeable in Scotland. Another point that will be investigated is the consequences of urbanisation, how the country ultimately became a modern capitalised country from its rural beginnings. Before and up until 1750, Scotland was very much a feudalistic country. Lords rented tenants enough land for them to produce food to survive. In return, the tenant would have to labour the Lord’s land as well as his own. The Landlord would reap the benefits, the tenant would survive, and as the majority of the people depended on the land as their lively-hood, it was a means to survival. As Devine states,_† In 1750 only one Scot in eight lived in a town (population of 4000 or over) and there was only four towns with more than 10000 inhabitants†_ (Devine, 1999, p125). This shows the enormity of Scots who were living in rural communities, with the main labour being in agriculture, weaving and fishing. The changes to agriculture began with those known as the improvers, whose main outlook was to modernise the way the land was cultivated. As the population of the country began to accelerate quickly, the improvers were looking to produce mass food instead of the old way of cultivation. During the period between 1790-1840 new farming equipment was introduced and the land that was formally cultivated  using the â€Å"infield-outfield and rug and furrow method† was improved by enclosing the land into fields making it more productive for crops and for livestock Crop rotations were also introduced which was making use of the land at all times. The introduction of single tenant farming as opposed to ferm-touns meant the beginning of the clearances, as well as agricultural tools becoming more efficient. The introduction of threshing machines reduced manual labour and â€Å"the Small’s plough – a two horse plough replaced the Scot’s plough which required a team of oxen and horses† (Devine, 1998, p138). These new ideas did create more food but they also left people homeless and jobless, as there was less labour needed, which left people no choice but to move on into the towns and cities where industry had began creating jobs. The growth of the towns and cities were intricately linked with the agrarian revolution as the mass population relied on the land for the food it produced. The other main point that Devine makes is that as the agricultural market started to accelerate, the need for exchange centres that provided legal, commerce and financial facilities for the rural communities became more prominent, so several towns including Perth, Ayr and Dumfries became the provider of these services. This again contributed to expansion of towns, as people were required to work and live in the towns to facilitate these positions (Devine 1998, p32) Therefore, we can gather that three major changes occurred at the same time and they contributed towards urbanisation in Scotland: The agrarian revolution along with the population growth, and the expansion of the manufacturing industry. As T.M Devine States, _Urbanisation could not have taken place without a substantial increase in food production to sustain the needs of those who did not cultivate their own food supplies. At the same time, agrarian productivity had to improve in order to release a growing proportion of the population for non-agricultural tasks in towns and cities._ (Devine, 1998, p32) Along with theses changes the manufacturing industry began to grow rapidly. Scotland was a major player in the transatlantic trading industry and due to its geographical position, it was booming in the tobacco trade and it would go on to prosper in cotton and linen too. Scotland’s Geographical position at this time was very important as it is situated between the Atlantic and Europe, which meant trading from one to the other, was very successful. The two major factor’s of the Industrial Revolution were, the textile industry and the productivity of the steam engine, which was revolutionised by James Watt in 1769 (Watt James online, 2005). Textiles factories and coalmines could produce more goods and they did not need to be near a water source in order to run. Due to this, the larger towns and cities began to grow rapidly. _Greenock in 1700 had a population of 2000 and by 1831 it had rose to 27500._ _Glasgow went from 31700 to 147000._ _Paisley went from 6800 to 47000._ _Kilmarnock went from 4400 to 12700_ _Falkirk went from 3900 to 11500. All within the time period from 1740-1850 (Devine 1998, p35)_ The population growth over the short period is the most significant point here as this is what made urbanisation in Scotland different. There are many different factors that affected the population growth but some are more significant than others are. Irish Immigration was very prominent and the migration of people from the rural areas had a major impact. For example:_† The majority of the migrants were young adults more concentrated in the marriageable and childbearing age groups than were the native inhabitants. High Migration because of its age composition was therefore likely to fuel natural increase in the urban areas_†.(Devine 1998,p41) At the same time the  highlanders were leaving the land either through force as the lord’s applied the new cultivation techniques to the land or through choice. The majority chose to immigrate to America; this did not affect the population growth as many Irish migrants were coming to Scotland looking for employment in the bo oming industries. â€Å"_Urbanisation meant more jobs, a wider diversity of social contacts and infinitely greater colour and excitement in the lives of the masses_† (Devine 1998 p43) Mortality rates demonstrate their huge impact on population growth too. It has been suggested that lower death rates, through natural immunity to disease highly contributed to urbanisation, as in the early 1800’s the death rate had fallen to 25 per 1000. This suggests that natural immunity and high levels of unemployment accelerated the population growth (Devine, 1998, p48). The effect of industrialisation was economically good for the country, but with it came poverty. The majority of the working class lived in overcrowded housing areas known as slums with no sanitation, and were rife with disease. As Devine argues, during periods of industrial recession when employment had slumped, there were also periods of disease epidemic. These began in 1817-1820(Typhoid), 1826-27(Typhoid) and in 1830-1832, a cholera epidemic that wiped out 10000 people. Periods of recession run parallel, the first being 1816-1818, 1825 and then 1836 (Devine, 1999, p168). In 1839, Death rates rose to 29 per 1000. People were forced to live in abominable living conditions with huge sanitations problems, the towns and cities could not cope with the urban growth and disease was the outcome. Overcrowded, sub-divided housing was a problematic issue in all the major Towns and Cities, especially in Glasgow. _†I did not believe until I visited Glasgow, that so large an amount of filt h, crime, misery and disease existed in one spot in any one civilised country† (_Butt J, 1987 p41-42). People were customised to living in filthy dark, damp squalid conditions amongst disease. As the periods of recession were leaving thousands out of work in a state of poverty, the poor law amendment act was passed in 1845, which replaced the old poor relief laws of the parishes taking responsibly for the  poor. The new law allowed a claim to be made under supervision of a board of examiners, it came in the form of indoor relief, which would be admission to a poorhouse if subject had lost the ability to work, and outdoor relief, which was for short-term illness, and this may have been in the form of payment or medicine. It could be argued that the industrial revolution was the birth of the working class and capitalism in this country. Those who owned the factories and docks made a great profit and a middle class lifestyle was adopted. This could be said to be the division of the classes, with the help of the industrial revolution, people developed a â€Å"working† class or â €Å"middle† class attitude, In conclusion, the evidence points out that several major factors occurred that accelerated the urban growth of the nation. The Agrarian revolution started the mass migrating and the industrial revolution provided the work force in order for capitalism to evolve. The consequences of urbanisation were overwhelming, yes the economy did thrive, but at what cost to the working class people, death, disease and misery.

Management Information System and Users Essay

Every person in the organization is a user of the MIS. The people in the organization operate at all levels in the hierarchy. A typical user is a clerk, an assistant, an officer, an executive or a manager. Each of them has a specific task and a role to play in the management of business. The MIS caters to the needs of all persons. The main task of a clerk is to search the data, make a statement and submit it to the higher level. A clerk can use the MIS for a quick search and reporting the same to higher level. An assistant has the task of collecting and organizing the data, and conducting a rudimentary analysis of integrating the data from different and disciplines to analyze it and make a critical comment if anything adverse is found. The MIS offers the methods and facilities to integrate the data and report the same in a proper format. An executive plays the role of a decision maker. He is in of responsibility and accountability a position of a planner and a decision maker. He is responsible for achieving the target and goals of the organization. The MIS provides facilities to analyze the data and offers the decision support systems to perform the task of execution. The MIS provides an action Ââ€" oriented information. The manager has a position of responsibility and accountability for the business results. His management role expands beyond his management function. He is a strategist and a long-term planner. He is a person with a foresight, an analytical ability and is expected to use these abilities in the functions of top management. The MIS provides information in a structured or unstructured format for him to react. The MIS caters to his constant changing needs of information. The user of the MIS is expected to be a rational person and the design of the MIS is based on this assumption. However, in reality the impact created on individuals by MIS is difficult to explain. The nature of the impact in a few cases is negative. However, this negative impact can be handled with proper training and counseling. It is observed that at lower level, is a sense of insecurity. As the MIS takes away the drudgery of search, collection, writing and reporting the data, the work vacuum, so created is not easily filled, thus creating a sense of insecurity.

Status of Women in the United States

The status of women in the United States throughout history has grown significantly. Throughout history women had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than. Women were seen to be just wives and mothers and take care of the homes while the husbands worked. Women did not have a say in having jobs, voting, or even attending college. It appears that a lot of things began to change around the 19th and 20th century. For example in the beginning of the 19th century, women began working outside the homes in large numbers, in textile mills and garment shops.The medical profession had also changed their attitude about women as well. This was considered to be suitable work for women. In the 1920's women were given the right to vote, however their political roles were minimal. Women have made a noticeable mark in the world today. Men have become more acceptable of the different roles we play. The change throughout the years have been reflected in the politics, employment and even in our s tatus within the home. 2. The status of women in the U. S. is that women are getting some of the same benefits as men.There are many organizations that fight for the equality of women and they are succeeding. When we look at how women are now allowed to be doctors and nurses, and receive the same pay. We also now see women in the courtrooms as judges and working in the construction area beside the men. Women have advanced greatly and have a lot to be proud of . We are striving daily to be treated fairly with the men and it is well deserved. There may be a small percentage of males that may feel that women are not equal to them, however, the larger percentage feels that women are equal.Women have struggled for years to be next to man and not in front or in back. Women work just has hard as a man and Appendix H3. however, the larger percentage feels that women are equal. Women have struggled for years to be next to man and not in front or in back. Women work just has hard as a man and should be paid just as well as a man. 3. Some of the concepts of masculinity and femininity I that I see in the society and in the media would be such as men should only be truck drivers, construction workers, railroad workers. Women should be in jobs such as nurses, homemakers, daycare providers, retail in the ladies departments.As far as the media is concerned, it is a little tricky to me because we now see men and women doing the news and also doing different television shows. Men used to be seen only doing the tough roles as gang members with guns and so forth. Women are now portrayed in these types of roles a well. Women and men may be seen as equally sharing these kinds of roles when it comes to the media. I think that it is a good thing for them to share roles equally. They both work hard and should be treated fairly. 4. The social status of GLBT people historically has been that they were not accepted into society years ago.They could not let society know that they were cou ples or they would either be jailed or even hurt. Most the them would have to keep their relationships hidden from society and even from their own families due to the ridicule that they would suffer. Many men and women would have to pretend that they were heterosexual in society so that they would not be judged. They could not be open and honest about their true identity. 5. The status of the LGBT is today's society is that they are accepted more into society. They have many activist that fight for their rights to be equal and they have won.For example, the biggest victory was same sex marriage. A lot of couples that were not able to broadcast their relationships are now able to be married. Appendix H4. 5. continued The couples are now able to enter society and be a family outside their homes without feeling judged. They are able to express their feelings openly through rallies, blogs, and in the media. They have come a long way and are proud of their accomplishments. 6. I believe t hat some of the social and political issues relevant to women and GLBT people in the United States is that same places of business are still having an issue with treating them fairly.For example, if a gay couples enters a place of business, they are automatically frowned upon and some are given less than fair treatment. When it comes to women, they are can be treated unfairly as far as when a woman goes to have her car repaired or if she goes to purchase a car. Many may see her as a helpless person and that she is not aware of what she is doing and will try to take advantage of her. The political issues are that the GLBT are seen in the news as constantly protesting and fighting for their rights.Many people in the political arena who do not like this group will not support any cases, any bills to be passed to support this group. As for the political issues for women, I would have to say for an example regarding the support of abortion laws. Some on the political parties may not agre e with this and so they will not support any passing of laws regarding abortion. Appendix H5. References http://www. now. org http://www. equalityfederation. org Papachristou, Judith, ed. Women Together: A History in Documents of the Women's Movement in the United States. New York: Knopf, 1976.

Interior Design spaces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interior Design spaces - Essay Example The contrasts are soft, the black and white photo that is over enlarged on the wall reflecting the hues of violet. While strictly interpreted as minimalist, the uses of color soften the overall look. The bedroom in Fig. 1 has the same concept of color use, the mildly acidic green in a wide variation of hue, mostly in the medium range. While the violet and white of Fig.2 seem to have a range within the same color, the greens have a variation of to tones, one slightly more yellow than the other. The artistic motif strings the color throughout the room, allowing for interest and movement. Both rooms use a circular motif with artistic touches to define the design elements of the space. Both rooms use a dark floor that contrasts against the white pieces within the room, creating a lifted feel to the rooms that keeps the focus high. The focal points within the space is not related to the function of either room, but what specifically relates the room in Fig. 1 to the room in Fig. 2 is that they are about the color story that is told. While the rooms are similar, the difference that can be appreciated is that the color usage in Fig. 2 is softened through the combination with the tones of grey, while the tones in Fig. 1 stand in high contrast, the greens up against the bright white.

Mentorship program Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mentorship program - Research Paper Example Mentors eventually act as informal partners with previous mentees. To foster continuity of collaborative relationship, educational and skills training are maintained in surgical ward, while specifically indicating the significance of scheduled meetings per week for peer and administrative evaluation--be reduced to quarterly meetings. The direct people involved, mentors, mentees, administrative and support personnel, consistently work up the conducive work conditions and modify identified weaknesses with the entire training process. In the long run, stable interactions with higher-ranked colleagues promote the work empowerment for struggling novice nurses (Laschinger, Purdy, & Almost, 2007). Extended in appeal, the efficacy of nurse mentorship program in work competency frequently carries the project beyond the targeted program elimination. In a mentorship program by a tertiary care institution, the project continued for more than two years, indicating its success in hurdling resistan ce of social work cultures and psychological challenges of novice nurses (Hurst & Koplin-Baucum, 2005). More importantly, its low cost expenditure gives this the advantage compared to more expensive retention pursuits. In the evaluation pattern by Mills and Mullins (2008), the institutional savings by the mentorship program reached to almost $5.8 million, a large amount that can be deviated to support quality improvements in other clinical fields. In both technical and financial aspects, the mentorship program more than adequately meets the expectation of nurses and administration staff in JVHA. In realistic terms, reasonable revision must be performed for a more dynamic mentorship approach. In the instance where nurses are assigned in other clinical wards, a problem in continuity of interactive mentor-mentee associations may occur. Hence, the pilot mentorship program must manifest a more universal approach during education and skills enhancement training, consistently depending on the area of clinical expertise required. Addressing the break in mentorship relationship, long-term social and professional interaction in the surgical ward assures that work satisfaction is met and retention is improved. Project Data Dissemination and Feedback In a given utilization project, it is important to relate the results to key institutional groups. Aside from meeting the objects of the project, the applicability of the research goals may serve as solid foundation in entirely resolving the expensive and taxing problem on low retention rates of nurses in clinical areas, even with newly graduate nurses. In this paper, two practical methods can be performed to aptly communicate the preliminary initiation and concluding outcomes of the project--during annual staff meeting and circulating institutional newsletters. With annual staff meeting, the whole nursing personnel gather together to discuss things related with their practice as professionals, airings discrepancies and areas of improvements. Thus, this is the ideal time for the team involved in the mentorship program to inform them on the outline of the project, zeroing on outcomes

How is sexual identity explored in Twefth Night Essay

How is sexual identity explored in Twefth Night - Essay Example espeare not only has exhibited equal mastery in his treatment of both tragedy and comedy but also he has exposed the true facts of life through his respective treatment of both genres of Tragedy and Comedy. Due to the cultural evolution during the time of Renaissance, people’s understanding of the society as well as relationship between genders received a different angle of interpretation. Shakespearean dramas, sonnets and Metaphysical poetry are best evidences that reflect such realization of people. This aspect is quite clear among Shakespeare’s sonnet composition, where he has provided a great deal of emphasis over friendship between two males. It is through his verse that the poet has attempted to preserve the physical beauty of his male friend. Sonnet no. 18-126 are excellent examples of such attempt from the poet and in the later sonnets (127-152) Shakespeare has attempted to describe the beauty of a dark lady and the poet has also provided highest importance to m emorize such beauty through his verse. Thus, it is clear from Shakespeare’s treatment of sexuality that love and appreciative mentality of beauty are such virtues that are never dependent over the any kind of gender biasness or sexual identity. His realization has also been reflected in his comedies of which As You Like It and Twelfth Night are classic examples. Unexplored sexual identity, in both these dramas, has played very important role in orienting the action, theme as well as pace but at the same time both the dramas have clearly expressed the fact that love does not depend over sexual identity. It is the most important of all humane virtues and a person, who has fallen in love with his/her partner, does not change the expression of love according to his/her sexual identity. Themes of deception and disguise have occupied a special place among the major Shakespearean comedies, such as Taming of the Shrew, As You like It or Twelfth Night. Looking at the renaissance society, a critical

Cross cultural management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Cross cultural management - Essay Example Australian government has provided huge assistance in helping those migrated Sudanese to settle in Australia. Sudan was considered to be the top sourced country for the Humanitarian Migration Program. A large number of Sudanese are now staying in Australia as indicated by the Census 2006. The record shows that in Victoria 6205 Sudanese were born which was 32.2% of the total Sudanese population staying in Australia (MIGRANT INFORMATION CENTRE, 2012). This suggests that more and more Sudanese population were joining the education and workforce in Australia. Living The first and foremost problem that the Sudanese faced was socialization. Socialization requires adaptation of the family members to the legal, cultural and social structure of Australia. There were many cultural gaps identified between Australian community and the Sudanese that included understanding the cultural context. Another problem was difficulty in speaking English. The people coming from Sudan were originally from di verse ethnicities and spoke different language. According to Census data of 2006, 25.1% of the Sudanese people spoke Dinka, 46.6% spoke Arabic and 9.1% spoke Neur (MIGRANT INFORMATION CENTRE, 2012). Hence these three languages are recognized to be most important. It is very confronting and difficult to stay in a new country, learn their language, adopt to their culture and at the same time feel not respected and accepted by the society (Licina and Dharmalingam, n.d.). Working Employment becomes the most vital part of an individual life. To sustain its livelihood it becomes important for an individual to fetch employment. This was a huge problem for Sudanese. This would also provide them with the ability to settle more aptly and nicely in the new environment. Employment also leads to many psychological effects on an individual. Getting employed not only provides a stable income but also removes the anxiety of financial problems and feels getting respected and accepted in the society (DIAC, 2012). By getting employed they would also gain gradual understanding regarding the culture and system of the new place. But the Sudanese had been struggling hard for the employment. Difficulty in gaining employment was mainly due to the racial discrimination and lack of skill and experience. English speaking problem was also a major reason for their unemployment. Studying Education is another important aspect from which the Sudanese were deprived of. However since they were not well acquainted with the English language and did not have adequate educational background from their previous country so they faced difficulty in understanding the education system of Australia. AMEP provides a free training on English of 510 hours to the new arrival, who arrived as refugees. But this was considered as an unrealistic educational support. The Sudanese never used the language English earlier, in such a situation it was difficult for them to learn a foreign language which they have neve r used. Moreover learning is a process that individual need separate time to adopt; so this measure was of no help to them. Thus this problem still remains there. Moreover the quality of school education available at Sudan is quite poor. Leaving some of the vocational training the opportunity of education in Sudan is quite limited (Commonwealth of Australia, 2007). Discussion There were several issues that made the livelihood

Design of a Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Design of a Project - Research Paper Example This makes them costly as the manufacturing process includes removal of impurities. The spherical solar cells are silicon spherical cells that are repeatedly melted and fused with low-purity metals. The spheres are made by using the surface tension in a zero-gravity environment. This makes them relatively expensive to produce. However research has suggested that the spherical solar cells have certain benefits over the simple planar cells. The most important of these advantages include the spherical directivity of such cells. Because of the spherical nature of the cells, there is no directivity of light in case of spherical solar cells and lights from all directions including reflected and scattered light (Nakata, 2001). However there has been no quantitative analysis of this proposition. This paper aims at doing the same. The light-receiving characteristics of a spherical solar cell will be evaluated through a geometrical model. This will include the analysis of the characteristics of the light receiving properties of spherical solar cells, along with a comparison of the planar cells. Based on the comparison, advantages and disadvantages of each type will be evaluated. As can be seen from the figure 3, L1 is incident perpendicularly to the surface while L2 does not strike the surface in a perpendicular fashion. Since a unit cell is having a very small effective area, every point on the cell will have directivity with respect to the incident light. On the basis of this, the effective area of the entire cell can be calculated: Based on the available literature, and the model described, it can be assumed that there is no directivity in unit cells. The author also expects that the power generated in spherical cells is much more than simple planar cells. The author expects to conduct experiment trails to validate these assumptions. Based on the theoretical framework described above, the methodology will try to assess the effective area of

Application of Wireless Technology in the Educational System Essay

Application of Wireless Technology in the Educational System - Essay Example Contemporary advancements are continued in wireless technology devices such as cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), wirelessly networked handheld computers, wireless laptop technology, wireless sensor network employed in distance learning and education. The development of the wireless technology has broad impact on all the areas of information technology. Our way of living, communication, social prospect, and different aspects of collaborative environment are totally transformed into new enhanced operational areas. Now we are more informed and tightly linked to people and global event. These radical transformations also affect the educational sector. The trend of the distance learning and wireless technology incorporation in this sector has offered learners huge advantages. Now they have access to more up-to-date knowledge and information as compared to the past (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). The educational sector has extensively influenced by the new technology transformation. There are huge opportunities regarding new educational system which are generated due to the radical transformations in internet and wireless technology. According to (Mamoukaris & Economides, 2003), the wireless networks technology will play a significant role in educational sector. The communications structures of wireless networks frequently are paying attention on new wireless ad-hoc networks technology. They will offer liberty from place restrictions, dynamic interaction, flexibility, adaptive architecture and scalable multicast services (Mamoukaris & Economides, 2003). The research of (Mamoukaris & Economides, 2003) has outlined that one of main and more attractive services of the wireless network is group communication. Modern educational models as well as wireless structures have been intended to develop mutual training. The new technology of the wireless network is the ad-hoc wireless ne tworks those are multi-hop wireless

The 5 Paragraph Essay Format Essay Example for Free

The 5 Paragraph Essay Format Essay This is only one method of organizing an essay.Introductory paragraphA. Catches the readers interestB. Gives brief background on your topicC. Begins or ends with the thesis statementBody (paragraphs 2, 3, etc.)A. Develops, expands, and/or supports the thesis statementB. Includes a topic sentence for each paragraphC. Includes supporting details which reinforce the topic sentence.Concluding paragraphA. Restates the thesis or sums up the argument.B. Tells the reader what you think is important to remember. (Often, this is a personal response). C. Never introduces new information in the conclusion. Extend your thinking on something from the essay. The 5 Paragraph Essay Format The first paragraph: 1) Begins with a topic sentence that introduces a general theme. 2) Follows the topic sentence with sentences that narrow the focus of the theme, so that it is less general. 3) Introduces the author of the text you are writing about. 4) Introduces the title of that text. 5) Narrows the discussion of the topic by identifying an issue or problem. 6) Finishes by making a debatable claim (a thesis statement, which is defined as a debatable point/claim). Body paragraphs: 1) Begin with topic sentences that clearly relate to the topic, or issue, or problem, which was identified in the introductory paragraph. 2) Sentences that elaborate on the issue, or problem discussed in the introductory paragraph, and also demonstrates a clear connection to the  thesis statement. 3) A sentence or sentences that make a claim about the topic, issue, problem. 4) A quote from the text you are analyzing that supports your claim. 5) Your interpretation of that quote, which explains how you arrived at your conclusion, and also demonstrates a clear connection to the thesis statement.  · Body parargraphs employ the One, Two, Three Rule, which is: 1) Make a debatable claim. 2) Support the claim with a quote. 3) Explain the connection between your claim and the quote, which means you make an intellectual conclusion. Concluding paragraph: 1) Begins with a topic sentence that clearly relates to the topic, or issue, or problem that was identified in the introductory paragraph. 2) Sentences that make connections with, or revisit, point from your introductory paragraph and your body paragraphs. These points now serve to close your argument. 3) A synthesis of these points that clearly demonstrates the focus of your thesis statement. 4) A final comment, or intellectual conclusion of sorts that points out the larger significance of your argument. Also see the handout How to Structure and Organize Your Essays. How to Structure and Organize Your Essays Structure and Organization: first of all, how do they differ? Structure simply means that each individual paragraph does what it is supposed to do. Alright then, what is a paragraph supposed to do? It depends what type of paragraph it is. The types of paragraphs are as follows: The introductory paragraph. The body paragraphs. The concluding paragraph. Basically, you just want to make certain that: Your introductory paragraph does its job. Your body paragraphs do their job. Your concluding paragraph does its job. For a one page handout that explains exactly what each paragraph must do, see The 5 Paragraph Essay Format. Okay, So Much for Structure, Now What About Organization? Organization is all about body paragraphs. Why? Because everything that comes between your first paragraph and last paragraph is a body paragraph. Your essay is mostly made up of body paragraphs. What is Organization? It is how you order the information. Think of it this way: in your essay you make a number of claims and provide much information that supports those claims. How you order claims and information is your essays organization. Example: You are writing a paper on the current state of research on human cloning. You decide to include two paragraphs of background information on the  history of cloning research. The two paragraphs appear on page four of your five page paper. Your professor suggests that the organization require revision because there is an abrupt shift in the essays narrative. Why after almost four full pages about the current state of cloning research does your reader get two paragraphs on history? Including history is fine, but perhaps it should be included at the beginning of the paper, so that your narrative moves from the early days of cloning research to the current state of cloning research. It is the same information, but ordered differently.

Globalization And Social Movement Politics Essay

Globalization And Social Movement Politics Essay It is believed that the demand for democracy, whenever or when it arises, always comes from individuals who believe that their leaders for some reason are sidelining their very needs and aspirations of their subjects. These kinds of people at times tend to either become leaders themselves or automatically establish a system where the population has good and accountable leadership. Democracy hence is said to be a very crucial element and practice. The practices and concepts of social equality have understood their place in a more advanced way in the constitutions of their various countries. Internationally there is very few traces of democracy that resembles a countrys national dynamics. Hence it has been noted that major powerful countries tend to make decisions that dully affect the lifestyles of citizens belonging to other countries. Absolutely there is then no question that there is a powerful connection between the social movements and globalization. It is clear enough that social movements theories for a very long time have been greatly state-based with the main analysis being that of social movements across a country. Again as time went by, during and by the 1980s it was noted that the nation-state was no longer the best way of analysis. This was facilitated by the rapid increase in international governance and the very change of roles in the institituions of global governance i.e. IMF, World Bank, and WTO. This came with the increase in power of transnational state and transnational capitalist class, multinational organizations, all under one main neoliberal ideology. Thus it should be noted that all these implementations and developments have deeply influenced social movements and globalization. Another yet result of globalization and a challenge to the deep conservative theories of communal movements was t he uprising in the 1990s of what is apparently known as the traditional labor unions, worldwide advocacy networks and international social movements. It was very impossible to assume the presence of such worldwide social movements as ala the traditional labor unions, native populace actions within the Amazonian areas, environmentalists from around Europe and the very individual rights advocates together joined forces in Seattle to discuss the very negative impacts of globalization at the World Trade Organization meeting. Thus the mass mobilization uniting different individuals within different states, engaging in long-lasting interactions with the political elites, worldwide institutions and multinational organizations is what is known as the transnational social movements. Hence social movements are said to be the internal rivalry between diverse groups and organizations having numerous sites for management and thoroughly structured along free networks commonly referred to as SPR. This type of structure has henceforth allowed movements to basically be free and flexible with the ability to engage likeminded various constituencies within the global system. As people continue to be affected more and more by the transnational processes and the factors beyond the nation-state, social movements have rapidly continued to grow transnational. Hence these movements have strongly reacted towards the negative impacts of neoliberalism and globalization. It should be noted that the upcoming of the global civil society is due to the international deficit in regard to democracy, moreover the lack of proper systems in the very institutions of international governance. International social movements always share a worldwide frame of problems and issues to be addressed, target the population and have an international set of actions, thus they always tend to campaign for change regarding the international issues. Moreover the choice between the three communal movements which include the global justice, feminist and Islamist do fully reflect the lack and disappointments within the transnational civil society. It should be clear to every population that not all the movements are generally emancipatory. Great diversity is experienced within these social movements. For example within the Islamist movement, the use of repertoires from terrorist hostility to parliamentary events is seen, whereas there is permanent disagreement inside the universal feminist activities over the anxiety that the grievances of women from the metro pole will actually assume important issues from the edge. Clashes amongst the secular and religious groups are hence experienced within the main global justice movements. Thus with reference to the international feminist movement, the agenda is always based on the following three significant issues: fighting and campaigning for peace, campaigning for religious fundamentalism and campaigning against neoliberalism. The transnational women movements are said to have taken the very opportunity of the United Nations meetings on women such as those that were held in Beijing in 1995 and Nairobi in 1985, using these meetings as the stepping stone and with an intention of framing the agenda in opposition towards the religious organizations. The feminist movements have also been largely involved with the issues regarding feminization of poverty and gender-based violence as well as the feminization of employment. Again it is noted clearly that neoliberalism and patriarchy always try to comfort and depend on each other in order to continue the massive oppression of the woman in a situation of cultural, economic and social inferiority, devaluation and marginalizat ion. This extends to excessive labor and commercialization of their being as women. But, as mentioned, there are divisions on certain issues between different feminist groups, for instance, on the abortion issue: Arguably the global justice movement is wider and is made up of numerous groups: labor unions, womens rights, anti-war groups, religious groups, population advocates, human rights and environmentalists. Generally this movement is basically highly motivated and dedicated by the idea that people can live much more better and happier without neoliberalism, this consist much more of debt relief, fair and easier trade, labor rights, sustainability and environmentalism and the very democratization of institutions which relate to international governance. Hence this kind of diversity has absolutely led to collective responsibility, from lobbying governments institutions to petitioning, with demonstrations and direct actions (such as Seattle in 1999). Hence the election of Lula as president of the republic of Brazil in 2002 from a union leader was a clear indication that the uprising and emergence of global justice movement was taking place. Her election was vital to the formation and establishment of the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre. This has seen the global justice movement later involving itself with numerous protests against world organizations such as the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO with the ability and capacity for better formation and coordination through improved technological advancement. Conclusion: It is thus clear that the rise of global social movements and transitional movements in the very past has largely grown due to the much lack of international democracy, with significant calls for social and economic justice. These movements have further shown that the nation-state is very significant either as an oppressive force or a promoting force.

Civil Rights and African American Baseball Players

Civil Rights and African American Baseball Players How African Americans in Baseball Affected the Civil Rights Movement. 8th hour Segregation was the main core of what prevented African Americans from pursuing their dreams of being baseball players, up until a few very recognizable players influenced others to step in and help win freedom for playing baseball. All American baseball teams were consisting of mainly whites but some teams allowed African Americans into their teams up until 1890 when the National Association of Baseball rejected blacks from playing. This caused an uproar in the black community and lead to the creations of all black teams that would travel and play other all black teams and sometimes an all white team, like in 1888 when the Cuban Giants defeated the all white New Yorks 4 games of of a five game series. After many years of overwhelming segregation in the south many blacks moved up into the North where they sought the opportunity of creating their own league. In 1920, Rube Foster the owner of the Chicago American Giants brought other midwest teams together and created the first all bla ck league called the Negro Leagues.( Feature African-American Baseball. PBS. PBS, 2003. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.) The Negro Leagues had a very significant impact in the the entrance of blacks into the majors. After the first all black team was organized and the league was set up this opened up an opportunity for players to really show what they got. Before teams knew it they were winning championships. The first all African American league was starting to piece together. And with all this going on, one player had a goal set and that was to be the first black player in a white league. And that player is Jackie Robinson. In 1945 Jackie was the first black player to sign a formal contract with a white team. He took a big step into what led to the allowance of any black player to be in the majors. With the civil rights movement going on he endured hardships that no person could imagine, according to Duke Snider, He (Jackie Robinson) knew that the future of blacks in baseball depended on it. The pressure was enormous, overwhelming, and unbearable at times. I dont know how he held up. I know I never c ould have. By the end of his rookie career as a Dodger he was named rookie of the year, and as time went on all of his success of breaking the color barrier and becoming the first African American to get into the majors and accomplish many records. Even though Jackie is not around to see how the hardships he faced have made life on people today more easy, he is still remembered as the player who paved a path for our nation. The impact of not only Robinson but also Doby and Campy gave inspiration to Martin Luther King Jr. About a week before King died he stated, Youll never know how easy you and Jackie and Doby and Campy made it for me to do my job by what you did on the baseball field. Baseball was integrated before the army, before schools, and before many other things. It all happened without Jackie but someone had to be the first to step up and take a chance, and that was just what he did. (Bio.com. AE Networks Television, n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.†) A few years before World War II, Max Manning had been pitching for the Newark Eagles as a phenomenal side armer. He never thought there would be a chance for him to go and become a pitcher on a white team. His thoughts change for a while when he was approached by an unfamiliar face, the coach of the Detroit Tigers. They were offering a tryout spot for pitching, but that changed when the rest of the team found out he was black. His Negro leagues career was interrupted as he was called into service during World War II. He then returned to pitch the final Negro Leagues World series where his team won. With all this going on Max never gave up and never really cared about what people cared about his color, he only cared about playing ball. After his baseball life was over he went back to school and decided to become a sixth grade teacher up until his death in in June of 2003. Feature African-American Baseball. PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.) Before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier, ball players in Oklahoma had been playing in sandlot leagues and excelling in the sport. Willie Wells played in the sandlot â€Å"blackball† leagues all the way through his teen years in highschool as a shortstop. When he finally came up to the Negro leagues he became the best shortstop in the league. In 1997 he joined the Baseball hall of Fame. Along with Willie there were many other black players that had showed they were worthy of being in Baseballs Hall of Fame. In all there are about 18 players from the Negro Leagues in the Hall of Fame, and most had not been recognized till the 80s, all the way up to about 2002. The reason it took so long is because nobody really cared about blacks in baseball because they â€Å"never compared† to whites. After many years of segregation many white people started to gain respect for him, As Mickey Mantle said after one of the games BASEBALL, AFRICAN AMERICAN. BASEBALL, AFRICAN AMERICAN. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014 : After the game, Jackie Robinson came into our clubhouse and shook my hand. He said, Youre a helluva ballplayer and youve got a great future. I thought that was a classy gesture, one I wasnt then capable of making. I was a bad loser. What meant even more was what Jackie told the press, Mantle beat us. He was the difference between the two teams. They didnt miss DiMaggio . I have to admit, I became a Jackie Robinson fan on the spot. And when I think of that world Series, his gesture is what comes to mind. Here was a player who had without doubt suffered more abuse and more taunts and more hatred than any player in the history of the game. And he had made a special effort to compliment and encourage a young white kid from Oklahoma.(Jackie Robinson Quotes. Jackie Robinson Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 May 2014.) As time progressed more and more people started to show respect for Jackie and others that helped integrate baseball and this gave a boost too other players, according to a statement by Hank Aaron In baseball, there is something electrifying about the big leagues. I had read so much about (Stan) Musial,(Ted) Williams and (Jackie) Robinson. I had put those guys on a pedestal. They were something special. I really thought they put their pants on different, rather than one leg at a time.(Hank Aaron Quotes. Hank Aaron Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 May 2014.) Near the end of World War II the attendance at Negro leagues took a major decline as the best players were called up into interleague which is the step right below major. With that happening the Negro leagues took a dip and fell apart. This lead to integration of blacks into baseball. What caused this greater decline was the focus of the fans only on the major players like Robinson and Doby. To gain more support teams called female players to stand at the gates just to attract more fans but in the end the players just kept on going to white teams. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 05 May 2014.) When people think about integration of baseball, they think Jackie Robinson, but thats not all of it. It took a whole community, a whole league just to earn a chance on an all white team. This was a team effort, the biggest step in baseball history started with one big contract to Jackie and the rest took off. Baseball was never the same, and today it isnt a struggle. Without this happening, today baseball probably wouldnt be what it is.

The Victorian Butler :: Victorian Time Period

The Victorian Butler Colonel Mustard: â€Å"Are you the host?† Wadsworth: â€Å"Me, sir? No, I'm just the humble butler.† Colonel Mustard: â€Å"And what exactly is it you do here?† Wadsworth: â€Å"I buttle, sir.† In Victorian times having a house full of servants at the owner's command was quite common for upper and middle class families. Some job titles included footman, cooks, maids, butlers, coachman, and cooks. Among these servants, the highest ranked and paid was the butler. While we all may have a stereotype of a tall, skinny man that opens the door and says, â€Å"You rang?† the actual list of duties and responsibilities of a butler express he is a man of high demand. The Butler of a home was expected to be present during breakfast, lunch, and dinner. He was to serve the meals and drinks to each member of the family and to wait on them for any requests. He also had the responsibility to oversee the kitchen and make sure it was in order. This included choosing fine wine, managing the wine cellar and the inventory of liquors. The Butler worked closely with the cook and not only assisted with preparing a menu for everyday meals but also for upcoming events and parties the master may present. He was expected to set the table and the decorations for all parties. During these events the butler was always present awaiting any requests from the guests and served them drinks and their meals. The Butler also was responsible for other servants in the home and acted as a manager for the property. The average pay for a Victorian butler was between 40 to 100 pounds per year, which converts to about 2600 to 6500 today. Charles Dickens, Jr. gave this advice in 1879: â€Å"Give good wages, and let it be clearly understood before hiring that no perquisites are allowed. A serious mistake, and one too often made, is to lay down the hard-and-fast rule 'no followers allowed'. Servants always have had and always will have followers, whether their masters and mistresses like it or not† (n.pag.). In Vanity Fair, we read that Miss Horrocks also serves in the house because she is the daughter of the butler. Miss Horrocks acted as a maid in the Crawley's home. Housemaids during the Victorian times were responsible for keeping the home clean and tidy. They did the â€Å"cleaning, scrubbing and dusting† (Roberts 206). The number of housemaids was determined by the size of the home.

Evil In The World :: essays research papers

Portraying Evil in the World The article I picked to show the evil in the world today was about a man named Abner Louima. This man was arrested in 1997 and is suing the state of New York for being beaten in a restroom in the station while being questioned. The sole witness Conelle Lugg, 19, he heard loud screaming and banging noises against the wall of the bathroom while he was in his cell, he then saw a police officer push Louima into a cell pants down and blood rushing out of his open wounds. The officer then proceeded to tell Louima to get on his knees. After all this Lugg said, that Louima fell to the floor and screamed in pain and begged to be taken to a hospital.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Four officers are accused of brutalizing Louima, 32, a Haitian immigrant who was arrested in a fight outside a nightclub in August of 97 and was mistakenly accused of hitting an officer. When a paramedic crew got to the precinct and finally gave Louima a chair to sit in the officer who had placed Louima in the cell returned and told Louima to stop screaming in pain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the trial Lugg was asked by the prosecution to point out the man he had seen put Louima in his cell. Lugg quickly pointed to Officer Justin A. Volpe who is charged with torturing Louima by ramming a stick into his rectum and then into his mouth. Prosecutors say that Louima suffered a torn rectum and bladder. Louima required two months of hospitalization and three operations to repair the damage Volpe had done. The three other officers are being charged with joining Volpe in beating Louima in the police car while driving to the precinct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is one of the many stories I found in the newspaper that portrays evil in today’s society.

Organizational Behavior and Communication Essay

This paper will focus on the American Red Cross. The culture, espoused values and enacted values are all important aspects of this organization. Communication plays a very vital role in the perception and organizational culture. Perceptions within this organization might cause misalignment between espoused and enacted values. Being able to identify the role of conflict in group communication of the organization is very vital to the success of the organization. The conflict tends to improve communication within and among groups, so that the organization can be effective. American Red Cross According to http://www. firelandsredcross. org/History. htm, the American Red Cross is the largest volunteer organization in America. Since the founding of the Red Cross by Clara Barton in 1881, volunteers have been trained to help families, friends, and neighbors in the event of an emergency. It is committed to making a positive difference by improving the quality of human life, enhancing self-reliance and concern for others, and helping people avoid, prepare for, and cope with emergencies. The American Red Cross South Arkansas chapter saves lives by responding with food, shelter, and hope when a disaster occurs. This organization saves lives. When disaster strikes, we respond with food, shelter and hope. Some of the major principles of American Red Cross Movement are: humanity, impartiality, independence, voluntary service, unity, and universality. The shared values of this organization includes: humanitarianism, stewardship, helping others, respect, voluntary spirit, continuous learning, and integrity. Some key elements toward the success of an organization should be influenced by the: culture, communication, role of conflict in group communication, and how conflict improves communication in the organization. Communication and Culture The relationship between communication and culture is very difficult to understand. Cultures are formed through communication. Communication is the way humans are able to interact by which customs, roles, rules, rituals, laws, or other patterns are created and shared. Without communication, it would be impossible to keep and pass along cultural qualities from one place and time to another. Communication plays a vital role in the success of American Red Cross and helps to achieve the desired outcomes of this organization. Culture is created, shaped, passed, and learned through communication. Therefore, communication practices are largely created, shaped, and transmitted by culture. Communication is the only organizational process that has the power to inform, educate and bring about cooperation and ultimately the kind of individual behavior change that leads to powerful cultural change. The past, present and future of this organization, which reflect the culture, can only be preserved through various communication artifacts. If the culture needs to be changed, communication is the main tool around the change process (Reiley & Roberts, 2007). Misalignment and Perception Often, misalignment of espoused and enacted values affects the perception of American Red Cross. Misalignment of values causes frustration, anger, confusion and disengagment. Organization leaders talk about teamwork, but sometimes employees experience a different reality that some team members are better than others. A limited view of goals in this organization leads to efforts being ignored, unappreciated or even belittled. Conflict in Group Communication American Red Cross is composed of individuals that have different opinions, beliefs, and values that cause conflict. Conflict occurs within this organization when the organization’s differences are communicated. Conflict in group communication helps to bring clarity, vision, and direction. Therefore, group communication helps with unity of vision, clear directives, feedback, and challenges of the organization. Improving Communication Conflict allows us to listen for and understand what is felt and said. This is necessary in order to build strong relationships among those in the American Red Cross. Conflict improves communication by the ability to recognize and respond to vital matters, find ways to compromise, and a belief that solving the problem can support the interest and needs of others (Leavitt, 2000). Overall, conflict improves communication by building strong and better relationships, overcoming challenges, and being successful with work in life. Conclusion Finally, the awareness of the American Red Cross culture is necessary for continued diverse growth. In order to attract the best of the organization, a culture of diversity and open communication is needed. Once the American Red Cross has these qualities, it can improve efficiency and have more viewpoints to learn from. To make sure the organizational culture is compatible with the strategic goals of this organization, conflict must be beneficial to the overall improvement of communication in this organization and success will be guaranteed.

Maureen Frye Essay

Marureen Frye made numerous mistakes in trying to implement her plan, a plan that was going to directly affect the salespeople of Quaker Steel Company as well as the District Sales Managers (DSMs), among other departments in the company. Her major mistake was sending a short-descriptive memo to the sales representatives. Why was this a major mistake? For one, Frye is trying to change the way the sales people allocate their time between big and small accounts, and yet she has not spend enough time in the field and with these salespeople. Although her simulations to optimize sales efforts might be correct, they are based on cold numbers and computations, sitting behind a computer, without taking into account the human factor that goes into those sales efforts. She does not have a feel for how they operate, where does their current success come from, what do they think and feel about how they are doing their job, and above what do they think it can be improved. Not only did Frye ignore the salespeople but she did not make good use of the relationship she thought she had with the DSMs. In fact, she had discussed her project with the Chicago DSM and he had seems to like to idea, with indicates that if more effort was put to introducing her plan to the other DSMs, using her good relationships with them, they could possibly perceive the idea well too idea of using the middle man. If she had no time to spend on the field and get to know the salespeople better, she made the mistake of not taking advantage of the relationship between the DSMs and the salespeople. Due to the hierarchical level of the DSMs, she is probably closer to them. As it is mentioned in the article, the DSMs leave a lot of free space to the salespeople which means that they are used to making their own decisions. This fact shows that the DSMs and the Salespeople have a special communication to understating each-other and to get the work done well. Thus, if a new project needs to be implemented, the DSMs are the most probable people to get through the salespeople and having them on board about this project is significantly important. This powerful link should have been taken advantage by Frye. Not having considered the above-mentioned steps, thus working in person with the salespeople or/and lobbying with the DSMs, Frye should have at least used the power of her superiors, Israel and Bethancourt, not only by  approving it but also as means of enforcement. For example, have them sign the memo she sent or give a direct order to the DSMs for its application. However, needs to be emphasized that this solution used on its own, is a last resort one just because she didn’t make use of the other options. This option would definitely be interpreted as a scare tactic, however it might have worked. As a manager or as the leader of her project, Frye first needs to find the authority from within and then also use the power given to her from her bosses. This option could be best used in collaboration with the previous options.

Ergonomic Workstation

Computer Workstation Ergonomics INF 103: Computer Literacy Winter 2009 Computer Workstation Ergonomics As we spend increasing amounts of time at our computer workstation, we need to be aware of how the design and arrangement of our equipment can impact our comfort, health, and productivity. WORK AREA The work area should be large enough to accommodate you, allow the full range of motions involved in performing required tasks, and provide room for the equipment and materials that make up the workstation. †¢Use a headset for lengthy or frequent telephone work. Place the items you use most frequently directly in front of you. †¢Avoid overcrowding computer work areas. DESK/WORKSTATION Standard furniture cannot accommodate everyone’s needs. A taller person may need a one-time adjustment to have his or her work surface raised somewhat; a shorter person may need a footrest or other accessories. Adjustable furniture may be needed in situations where people share or use the s ame workstation. †¢The desktop should be organized so that frequently used objects are close to the user to avoid excessive extended reaching. The work surface should have a matte finish to minimize glare or reflections. †¢The area underneath the desk should always be tidy and clean to accommodate the user’s legs and allow for stretching. †¢If a fixed-height desk is used, add a keyboard tray that adjusts vertically to provide added adjustability. †¢A footrest should be used if, after adjusting the height of the chair, feet do not rest flat on the floor. †¢Use a headset or speaker phone to avoid neck and shoulder discomfort if you use a phone frequently throughout the day. †¢Place the phone on the side of your non-dominant hand (i. e. left side if right-handed, right side if left-handed) †¢Position your desk lamp (if you use one) so that it illuminates source documents without causing either glare on the computer screen or direct illumination to your eyes. †¢A document holder should be used if documents are referred to during keying. The document holder should: †¢Be stable and adjustable (height, position, distance, and angle of view). †¢Support your document on either side of the monitor. †¢Be at the same distance from your eyes as the display screen to avoid frequent changes of focus and you should be able you to look from one to the other without moving your neck or back. CHAIR ADJUSTMENTS Contrary to popular belief, sitting, which most people believe is relaxing, is hard on the back. Sitting for long periods of time can cause increased pressure on the intervertebral discs — the spongy discs between the vertebras. Sitting is also hard on the feet and legs. Gravity tends to pool blood in the legs and feet and create a sluggish return to the heart. The following recommendations can help increase comfort for computer users: †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Dynamic sitting†, don’t stay in one static position for extended periods of time. When performing daily tasks, alternate between sitting and standing or take small walking breaks throughout the day. †¢The chair back should have a lumbar support †¢Adjust height of backrest to support the natural inward curve of the lower back. †¢It may be useful to use a rolled towel, lumbar roll or cushion to support the low back. †¢The angle of the back rest is subjective but the trunk and upper l egs should form an angle between 90 to 115 degrees. †¢Adjust height of chair so feet rest flat on floor oSit upright in the chair with the low back against the backrest and the shoulders touching the backrest. Thighs should be parallel to the floor and knees at about the same level as the hips. oBack of knees should not come in direct contact with the edge of the seat pan. There should be 2-4 inches between the edge of the seat and the back of the knee †¢Arm rests should be removable and the distance between the arm rests should be adjustable. oAdjust height and/or width of armrests so they allow the user to rest arms at their sides and relax/drop their shoulders while keyboarding. oDon’t use armrests to slouch. Also, chair arms should not oticeably elevate your shoulders or force you to move your arms away from your body to use them. oElbows and lower arms should rest lightly on armrests so as not to cause circulatory or nerve problems. †¢Use a footrest when a ttempts to adjust your chair and the rest of the workstation fail to keep your feet on the ground. †¢Ensure that you have some space (2-3†³) between the top of your thighs and the underside of your workstation. †¢Have enough space under your work surface so that you can pull yourself all the way up to the edge of the desk with room for your legs and knees to fit comfortably. MONITOR Once the chair and work surface height are properly adjusted, the computer monitor should be placed so the top of the screen is at or just below eye level when seated in an upright position. The following suggestions can help prevent the development of eye strain, neck pain and shoulder fatigue while using your computer workstation: †¢Make sure the surface of the viewing screen is clean. †¢Adjust brightness and contrast to optimum comfort. †¢Position the monitor directly in front of the user to avoid excessive twisting of the neck. †¢User must position the monitor at a comfortable viewing distance, approximately 18-30 inches from the user. Position monitors at right angles from windows to reduce glare. Close window blinds as needed to reduce glare from sunlight. †¢Position monitors away from direct lighting which creates excessive glare or use a glare filter over the monitor to reduce glare. †¢Adjust the monitor tilt so that ceiling lights do not reflect on your screen. †¢If a document holder is used, it should be placed at approximately the same height as the monitor and at the same distance from the eyes to prevent frequent eye shifts between the monitor screen and reference materials. †¢Get regular eye check-ups. Adjust as needed for larger screens. You may need to sit farther away and increase the font size to take full advantage of the larger screen. Bifocal and trifocal wearers have to pay particular attention to the placement of their monitor. Wearers of bifocals and trifocals often unknowingly tilt their heads backwards so they can read the screen through the lower portion of their glasses. This can sometimes lead to neck, shoulder, and back discomfort. Potential solutions include either lowering the computer monitor or purchasing glasses designed specifically for working at the computer. KEYBOARD Many ergonomic problems associated with computer workstations occur in the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. Continuous work on the computer may expose soft tissues in these areas to repetition, awkward postures, and forceful exertions, especially if the workstation is not set up properly. The following adjustments should be made to your workstation to help prevent the development of an ergonomic problem in the upper extremities: †¢First adjust your chair as mentioned above, then with your arms resting comfortably at your side, raise your forearms to form a 90 degree angle with your upper arms. Adjust keyboard height so shoulders can relax and allow arms to rest at sides. An articulating keyboard tray is often necessary to accommodate proper height and distance. †¢Position the keyboard directly in front and be close to the user to avoid excessive extended reaching. †¢Forearms parallel to the floor (approximately 90 degree angle at elbow). †¢Mouse should b e placed adjacent to keyboard and at the same height as the keyboard. Avoid extended and elevated reaching for keyboard and mouse. The back of the wrist should be kept flat (in a neutral position). Do not rest the hand on the mouse when you are not using it. Rest hands in your lap when not entering data. †¢A padded wrist rest will help to keep your wrist in a straight and neutral position while typing and keep your arms off the sharp edges of the work surface. †¢Do not rest your wrists or hands on a palm or wrist rest when you are keying. These rests are designed to provide support only during breaks from keying. †¢The slope of the keyboard may need to be adjusted so that it is flat in order that your wrists are straight and not bent back while you are typing. †¢Press the keys gently; do not bang them or hold them down for long periods. Keep your shoulders, arms, hands, and fingers relaxed. If your work surface is too high and not adjustable, adjust your chair to bring your arms to the proper position. If you raise your chair make sure your feet are properly supported. MOUSE, TRACKBALL, OR OTHER INPUT DEVICE †¢The mouse is present in virtually every office environment. Handed versions of mousses are designed specifically to the contours of either the right or left hand. †¢Placing the mouse, trackball, or other input device too far away, too low, or too much on one side can cause shoulder, wrist, elbow, and forearm discomfort. Placing the input device directly in your immediate reach zone offers natural comfort and maximum hand-to-eye coordination. †¢Do not bend your wrist upward. Make sure you are sitting high enough for the workstation to be slightly below elbow height so that your hand rests naturally on the mouse. †¢Moussing demands a certain level of surface stability; if used on a keyboard tray, the tray should not wobble or tip. †¢A trackball has an exposed ball that you manipulate with your fingers. It requires the use of different muscle and tendon groups than does a mouse, and can add variety to your manipulation of computer information. Some trackball designs, however, may cause discomfort and possible injury to the area around your thumb, which stretches and reaches to maneuver the trackball. †¢Test different models of mouse’s, trackball or other input devices. Consider the shape and size of the devices, how comfortably it fits into your hand, ease of operation, and any special features that might make your job easier. In addition to the mouse and trackball, a variety of other input devices are available. Consider your task requirements and physical limitations. †¢Touch pads allow you to move the cursor on the computer screen by simply gliding your finger across a small pad. Unlike mousses, trackballs, and other pointing devices, touch pads have no moving parts to clog or breaks, so they never require disassembly for cleaning. †¢Touch screens allow you to point directly at an object. They require little or no training, are faster than other pointing devices, and require no extra work surface. However, the disadvantages of touch screens include arm fatigue, smudges, optical interference, and increased glare. †¢Voice input allows you to â€Å"talk† to your computer. Currently, such programs can understand and respond to natural speech delivered at rates of up to 160 words per minute. Pen-like devices use pressure, light, electromagnetic disruption, or radio frequencies to enter and manipulate information through contact with the computer screen or a horizontal pad. A pen pad requires about as much room on the work surface as does a mouse. If pen technology is used on a horizontal pad, a workstation must provide adequate non-glare lighting for both it and the computer screen. LIGHTING Lighting not suited to working with a computer is a major contributing factor in visual discomforts including eyestrain, burning or itching eyes, and blurred or double vision. The lighting in most office environments is too bright for optimal VDT screen viewing. The illumination may be reduced by removing 2 bulbs in a 4-bulb fluorescent fixture, removing the bulbs in every other fixture, or turning off overhead lights altogether. Supplemental desk lighting is better than overhead lighting for reading or printed copy. Use the following recommendations to reduce eyestrain and eye fatigue: †¢Close drapes/blinds to reduce glare. †¢Adjust lighting to avoid glare on screen (light source should come at a 90 degree angle, with low watt lights rather than high). Avoid intense or uneven lighting in your field of vision. †¢Place monitor at 90 degree angle to windows (where possible). †¢Reduce overhead lighting (where possible). †¢Use indirect or shielded lighting where possible. †¢Walls should not be painted with a reflective finish. †¢Use a glare screen or monitor shield to reduce glare from overhead lighting. WORK HABITS Repetitio us static work (working at the computer) is very fatiguing on your upper extremities as well as your eyes. It is important that breaks from working at the computer be taken every 20 to 40 minutes in order for your body to rest and recover. Taking a short break (3 to 5 minutes) does not mean you have to stop working, other activities such as talking to a co-worker, making copies, filing, etc. could be done during breaks from typing. It is also important to change positions periodically. According to the â€Å"Alexander Technique,† you should change sitting or leaning positions every 15 minutes (Bailin,  ¶ 13, http://www. netsci. org/Science/Special/feature01. html) Sitting in one position or leaning on your arms for an extended period of time can interfere with circulation. Laptop Computers NOTE: IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT LAPTOP COMPUTERS ARE NOT RECOMMENDED AS PRIMARY COMPUTERS. IN THE OFFICE OR WHILE AT HOME, A DOCKING STATION IS RECOMMENDED TO PROVIDE ADJUSTABILITY WHICH WILL ENHANCE NEUTRAL POSTURES. Computing Maintaining neutral postures will reduce stress and strain to the musculoskeletal system. †¢Incorporate mini-breaks every 20 to 30 minutes to break up repetition and static postures. †¢Maintain a comfortable viewing distance from your screen; about 18-30 inches. †¢Keep your head and neck in a neutral posture; avoid excessive neck flexion or rotation. †¢Angle the screen so that it is perpendicular to your line of sight, if lighting permits. Position the keyboard at elbow height, and keep your wrists straight while keying. Experiment with table height, chair height and keyboard angle to maintain neutral wrist postures. †¢Remember: if you raise your chair use a footrest to support your feet. When seated your hips should be slightly higher than your knees. †¢If you are seated in a side chair or couch, use a pillo w to support your arms while keying. This will help you maintain neutral arm, wrist, and hand postures. †¢Attach an external mouse instead of using the small constricted touchpad or trackball. †¢Clean the screen regularly using appropriate antistatic cleaning materials. The hands and wrists should be kept in a straight wrist posture when typing and should not be resting on a pal rest, table, or lap while typing. Wrist and palm rests are designed to provide support during breaks from typing. Transporting the Computer Keep these ideas in mind while carrying your laptop from place to place: †¢Eliminate unnecessary baggage from your briefcase; the less demand placed on the body the better. †¢Carry your laptop in a case with a padded shoulder strap and handle. Frequently shift hands or shoulders to balance the load. †¢Use a wheeled luggage cart when possible.

Missing the Train Essay

In my story â€Å"Missing the train† I used foreshadowing to show that I was late to school by missing the train, to support the fact that whenever you don’t be on time for the first part then you will not be on time for the next part. I was sleeping peacefully under the warm covers until my annoying alarm clock started ringing its annoying tone. I got up and turn off the alarm and that’s when I realized how cold the floor was. I quickly ran to the bathroom when I realized I left the window open last night and the bathroom was freezing. There was a shiver that ran though my spine and that’s when the goosebumps formed. I turned on the warm water and washed my face with my face wash that somehow got in my eyes and started to burn. I tried to wash it off with water but it still stung but slowly went away. I felt disgusting so I got dressed and put on my make up so I looked presentable. I didn’t like my outfit so I changed it about 3 times. I looked at the clock that’s when I realized that I was late so I quickly ate my breakfast and ran out the door to catch the train I always take when I realized I missed it, so I had to wait at the train station for about 10 minutes. It was really cold out in the morning so I had to wait downstairs where is smells bad, the smell made me want to throw up. The train finally came and I had to sit in between two kids playing fun run this game and they were hitting me every time they would make a move. I was very annoyed and of course I get off at the last stop. The train ride wouldn’t have been so bad if the 2 kids weren’t there. After I got out of the train station I had to wait for the bus for a long time. I saw my bus come after 15 minutes; I was very annoyed because that’s when I realized I wasn’t going to make it to school on time.

Discussion Board 1-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board 1-2 - Essay Example This generally relates to the fact that crises often involve numerous problems that have different magnitude and require different techniques to handle longitudinal effects. Crisis intervention theory is not specific in defining the exact strategies to handle crises. The theory also does not present unique strategies that are absent or untouched by other standard psychotherapeutic theories. Critical analysis and study of crisis intervention theory confirm that many and common views touched by other theories such as Systemic, Cognitive Behavioral, Attachment, Psycho educational and Psychoanalytic are present in it. Furthermore, the fact that crises result to various and different conditions makes it necessary to recognize the appropriateness (Jackson-Cherry & Erford, 2014). Some victims of the Hurricane Katrina suffered from cognitive problems probably due to overwhelming distresses. To overcome such conditions, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy may be necessary to understand the situation and conduct effective recovery plan (Jackson-Cherry & Erford, 2014). Some crises such as raping and sexual assaults have threatened to destabilize family systems leading to crises. Crisis intervention theory in isolation lacks proper frameworks to resolve such problems. This makes Systems, Ecosystems, and probably Structural theories important tools to analyze the underlying circumstance and design coherent and relevant

Intellectual Property and Patents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Intellectual Property and Patents - Essay Example The look up table is made by manufacturer by using the Sp O2 values in different sites of healthy subjects. The ratio of 0.5 is equal to 100 percent of SpO2 a ratio of 1 is equal to 82 percent of SpO2 and a ratio of 2 is equal to 0 percent of SpO2. 1 According to [2] the intellectual property of Oximeter lies in its design of low cost, miniature, light weight, ultra low power, intelligent sensors capable of customization. The system design of monitoring health applications finds seamless integration of body activities. While configuring the intelligent sensor the challenge of system designers are considered. This needs the platform featuring a low power micro controller. It consists of low power programmable logic device, a communication interface, and signal conditioning circuit. The combination and integration of the above systems will find application in medical and health needs. The easy customization, runtime reconfiguration and energy efficient computation and communication is needed for medical technology. The intellectual property is result of common platform for multiple physical sensors and a repository of both software procedures with hardware acceleration. The control of alleviation of costs also will come under inte llectual property by following the transition of a new generation of sensors. 2 The intellectual proper... 2. IP Protection According to reference [3], the Patent is needed for IP protection. This can be granted for a device, substance, method, process that is new, inventive and useful to people. After granting the patent the intellectual protection is done by legally enforcing the exclusive right to the owner and grants commercial exploitation. This commercial exploitation resulted in advances in medical technology. In Australia the patents are of two types. Generally the standard patent can give long term protection and control over invention. If the applicant is not that much rich or able to bear the cost, he/she can take the patent for a maximum of 8 years. The protection for new technology will lead to different products in medical technology like different types of Oximeters. The commercial gain in using Oximeters resulted in its advances in technology used in it. When the further research is done and the time of patent is over the information becomes public. The mathematical models and artistic cre ations cannot be patented. The medical technology is not in the list that cannot be patented and this enabled the commercialisation of medical technology. This commercialisation gave more funds for further research. 3 2.1 Prior Art: Cancelled matter in the application file of US patent can come under Prior Act. This can be used as prior act as of the patent and contributes to prior public knowledge. When an abandoned application was previously published, that is disseminated by US Patent and Trademark Office by using electronic media. This can be made available to public and are open to inspection of public by obtaining from the office of patents. This information is available under 37 CFR 1.11 9a) and can be used as prior act under 35 U.S.C 102(a) or 102 (b) as of the

Hong Kong and the Impact of Cyber Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hong Kong and the Impact of Cyber Crimes - Essay Example Nonetheless, no process is without a flaw; and many take advantage of this fact to steal from individuals and organizations that engage in e-payments. Despite all efforts of the government to restrain cyber crimes, and of information technology specialists to fortify domain firewalls, anxieties related to online transactions are mounting, and in a way, adversely affect international marketing endeavors. I. E-payment and Cybercrimes Electronic payments â€Å"refer to the systems and strategies required to enable the actual disbursement of funds electronically. It is concerned not only with the electronic transactions themselves, but also with the infrastructure required for billing and buyer authentication† (Botha and Geldenhuys, 2004, p. 67). The funds may be in the form of electronic checks, credit cards, purchasing cards, and electronic cash (Rainer and Cegielski, 2007). Authentication typically involves the username and password tandem, although other institutions support e xtended verification systems. For instance, Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) provide internet bankers with security device, while Emirates NBD incorporate the CHIP and PIN technology in all debit accounts. A team of researchers from Indiana University and Microsoft Corporation reported that major e-payment systems, e-retailers and e-commerce platforms have system security software glitches that can be abused by illicit websites to divert payments, or obtain goods for free or at reduced prices (Demery, 2011). Meanwhile, the Internet Fraud Complaint Center in the United States receives 200,000 consumer complaints per year, with securities and commodities fraud encompassing 16 percent (Miller and Jentz, 2009). Banks that rely heavily on online operations are at risk of losing profits as consumers also lose confidence on the security of online banking, specifically electronic payment of bills. Yet, although perpetrators of cyber crimes generally victimize financial serv ice companies, the Anti-Phishing Working Group has recorded cases of attempts to exploit â€Å"social networking and gambling sites† as well (CIO, 2007, p.36) II. Cyber Crimes in Hong Kong The Census and Statistics Department reveals that 76 percent of households in Hong Kong have computers, 73 percent of which maintains broadband connection; and about 63 percent of firms use personal computers, 98 percent of which do regular emails (Cagape, 2010). The figures clearly indicate that majority of the population in Hong Kong engage in online pursuits, and a significant portion of businesses are conducted via the internet. This alone leaves the country a viable target for cybercrimes. Speakers at the Information Security Summit 2008 reported an increase of 44 percent in hacking attacks in Hong Kong between January and October 2008, while the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) stated that during the same period, they have already dealt with 483 incidents of cyber crimes (Spam Fighter, 2008). Unfortunately, Hong Kong is also deficient in internet laws and certain websites are criticized for mediocre security features. Michelle Chan of Herbert Smith law firm observes that existing internet laws in Hong Kong are appropriate for misconducts in the early 1990s, but no further amendments were effected since then. On the other hand, this does not mean

The Concepts and, Myths of the Modern World Essay

The Concepts and, Myths of the Modern World - Essay Example The followers were called Rationalists. The Utopians strive to banish from memory the dark struggle against feudalism in pursuit of revolutionary principles, and a new class of the industrial commoner is conceived by the application of the enlightened sciences. The concepts of Degeneration and Regeneration operate on the basis of an assumed mutual-understanding of order and chaos, function and malfunction, the normal and the pathological. It is closely associated to the ethical realm of norms and values. The concrete, spatial transgression of boundaries (between the house, the garden, the street, the country and the city, as well as between inner and outer space) found in the above, often symbolizes a transgression of conventional gender norms. (Buchholz et al, 2002). An in-depth understanding of the above can, it is argued, lead to avoidance of the deficits or malaise (this seems so normal in the dystopian scheme), of the modern world. In ancient civilizations like the Mesopotamian, the 'juridico-discursive' power is entirely at the hands of a 'sovereign authority who exercised absolute control over the population through the threat or open display of violence' (Foucault, 1978). Bentham's concept of 'Panoticon' or the 'Inspection House' symbolizes this authority transferred to buildings in (especially constructed in circular forms) wherein people were to be kept under Surveillance or inspection. This is, particularly applicable to "Penitentiary-Houses, Prisons, Hospitals, Schools, Industrial Houses, Poor-houses, Lazarettos and Mad-houses" (Bentham, 1787). Surveillance, becomes an important tool of the state is but, a sort of mapping of contours, geographies, and finally human beings too. Modern states also used such "thematic mapping technologies", a notable one, being "the cadastral map, which record land ownership and resource characteristics" (Goss, Jon. 1995). Constant surveillance which, when internalized, as in "disciplining the body, takes hold of the mind as well to induce a psychological state of 'conscious and permanent visibility" (Foucault 1977). It then becomes a disciplinary power that is used directly on the body, and collectively, to control social groups. Foucault speaks of the structured ways of knowing and exercising this power, in respect of Body, Power and the Sexuality; Subjectivity, identity and resistance; and Freedom, power and Politics.( Armstrong,2005). Speed: Relationship between new technologies, spaces and new identities. Speed is inversely proportional to the time within which a work is done. It is something that man, by conscious reformation of his techniques, "more conscious that ever of himself and his time in life," (Kudera, 1996) has brought in with the technical revolution. This revolution is evident in the rampant automation of many every-day processes. Asger Jorn(1958), elucidates the process of automation as something that progressive and, "adds more than it replaces or suppresses." The invention of the bi-cycle, can be said as the first step. Constant improvisation lead to rapid industrialization (mass production), the off-shoot of which is the railroad system. The fascination for Speed not only lead to

Soviet Military and Nazi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Soviet Military and Nazi - Research Paper Example In fact, the survival and prosperity of these countries depended entirely on the outcome of this war. It should be noted that previously, Adolf Hitler had signed a non-aggression pact with Stalin in order to safeguard Germany from a possible invasion from the Soviet Union.1 The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed in August 1939. This pact was an agreement that the parties were not to attack each other and in case one of the parties was to be attacked by a third party, the other country was to uphold neutrality. Also, this agreement secretly divided Europe into various spheres to suit the interest of Germany and Russia. The aggression of Germany under Adolf Hitler made it to gain control of large parts of Europe. By 1940, Hitler had conquered most of the European countries including France, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. In fact, Germany was in control of the entire Europe save for the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom. The Germans had succeeded to dislodge British army from most parts of Europe although they had not succeeded to make the United Kingdom surrender. After these swift victories, the Nazi army had become invincible. Hitler had the opportunity to force the United Kingdom into a peace agreement by putting up a naval and air siege against it. However, Hitler was untrusting of the Soviet Union and thought that Russians would offer assistance to the United Kingdom despite the non-aggression pact. Hitler made plans to wage war against the Russians with an aim of solidifying their power in the entire Europe and weakening any potential resistance from the United Kingdom. Notably, Hitler highly underestimated the military potential of the Soviet Union and he anticipated a quick and comprehensive win.3 The Nazi Army prepared for war against the Russians under the name of Operation Barbarossa in July 21, 1940. The operation was under the supervision of the renowned German military strategist General Frederick Paulus. In the preparat ory stages of the war, Hitler informed his generals that the aim of the war was to destroy any potential hope of support for the United Kingdom. Hitler believed that the destruction of the Soviet Union would inevitably lead to the withdrawal of US support for the United Kingdom. Hence, the United Kingdom would be significantly vulnerable and make it easier for Germans to attack it. Hitler further believed that the military system of Russia was so poor that any Russian response to the invasion would take a very long time. Adding to the fact that the Soviet Union did not have a system for the reinforcement of the combat divisions and activation of the reserves, Hitler believed that the war against the Soviet Union would be won quickly. According to the plan by Hitler, the Russians were going to be defeated in less than three months. Hitler strategized that the ground troops were going to play the main role in the campaign while the air force engaged the United Kingdom in military acti ons. The attack on the Russians was planned to be three pronged, from the North, South and the Center. One of the most important aims of the Nazi army was to capture the main cities of Russia which were Moscow and Leningrad. The capture of these cities would significantly demoralize the Red Army and tilt the scales of victory in favor of the Germans. Moscow was the capital city while Leningrad was the cradle of the Industrial Revolution. By capturing these cities, the Germans would gain control of the largest industrial centers and railway exchanges of the Soviet Union.4 However, after the onset of the war things did not go according to the plan of the Nazi army. As the war raged on, it became clear

JMC 620 Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

JMC 620 Final Exam - Essay Example Set objectives will be measured against achieved results. Some of the evaluation tools that will be used include website hits, number of enquiries and questionnaires. Marketing can at times be so discouraging, it becomes even more daunting if there is no budget for the marketing tasks. Even so, it is possible to market the Kentucky Boat Show and increase the attendance without a budget. Some of the ways I would use include; We would build relationships within the community to help the business and the show gains exposure. The network would include online influencers, we would share their comments with friends and ensure we are discerned in their platforms. The link to our sites will always be included whenever we give comments. Print advertising has had a tremendous comeback in the recent years. It is affordable and always brings value to the investment (Parente, 2006). We are going to use a multi-faceted approach to our visual communication by making the fliers and posters in different ways though conveying the same message. The visual advertisements will be visually captivating and appealing. The posters will attract the eyes and be convincing to the mind. It is in line with recent research that suggests that an attention drawing advertisement with a quick response code draws just as much attention as a well written copy. Higher institutions of learning are rich in skills and creativity. Our plan is to organise a contest for creating fliers and banners of all types with awards for every acknowledged entry. Fliers will be given to customers, employees and sent to shareholders. Banners will then be placed about the business premise and at strategic places in town where there is large human traffic to ensure a large audience is reached. Multiple fliers made in different ways will ensure that the attention of several people is grabbed The effectiveness of this approach is expected to be high. Our method is aimed at grabbing attention

Language Use and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Language Use and Culture - Essay Example Informal language on the other hand is used in situations that are more relaxed and often involve people that we are very familiar with. Formal language is mostly used in writing, whereas informal language is used in speech. There are times, however, when informal language is used in writing. Such situations involve writing letters, emails and text messages to friends or family members. Informal Use of spoken language can also be formal. For instance, when a lecturer is giving lectures to students mostly the language is formal. For instance, a statement like ‘We went to Barcelona for the weekend. We have a lot of things to tell you’, is a formal statement. When said informally the statement would be ‘Went to Barcelona for the weekend. Lots to tell you. In his speech, John McWhorter says that people have stopped giving speeches formally and have now changed gradually to give informal speeches. He says that the kind of speech given in an old movie where one clears his throat before giving the speech I and go, â€Å" Ahem, ladies and gentlemen,† is a thing of the past. He continues to say that even the way we write has gradually changed from formal to informal. John says that people, especially young people write as if they are talking not giving about capital letters or punctuation especially when texting. John refers to texting as fingered speech because it is basically a form of speech in writing. Informal language sometimes involves use of slang. Slang may be described as a subset of a language used by a particular group of people. Slang usually consists of words and phrases which are not in the English dictionary. These words and phrases could be distortions of already existing English words or entirely new creations. Slang is used by almost all groups of people in society who have common interests or situations. The group of people that uses slang